Notes:

Beetle ecology summarized from Allan Carroll and Les Safranyik (2003). The bionomics of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine forests: establishing a context. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC. In: Mountain Pine Beetle Symposium: Challenges and Solutions. October 30-31, 2003, Kelowna, British Columbia. T.L. Shore, J.E. Brooks, and J.E. Stone (editors). Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Information Report BC-X-399, Victoria, BC. 298 p. Photo by Darren Blackford, USDA Forest Service.